Question

Bouchaud et al. proposed a hyperbolic differential equation to describe the stress distribution in one of these materials, whose characteristic curves can be interpreted as “force chains.” An early model of these materials that displays a pressure less than “rho g h” at the base of a cylinder is named after Janssen. Manna names a model of these materials whose sites “topple” when they hold two particles, an example of the (*) “Abelian” (10[1])models of these (10[1])materials (10[1])that display (10[1])self-organized (10[1])criticality. (10[1]-5[1])These materials’ velocity becomes non-zero (10[1])in a density-dependent jamming transition. Reynolds described these materials’ (10[1])change in volume under a shear stress, known as dilitancy. These materials may have a bistable angle of repose (-5[1])due to stabilization (10[1])by internal Coulomb friction. For 10 points, in the Brazil nut effect, convection affects (10[1])what materials composed of many large particles? ■END■ (10[1]0[6])

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